What Are Nasal Polyps?
Nasal polyps are soft, pale pink, drooping growths that develop in the mucosa of the nose and sinuses. They are usually benign and carry no cancer risk, but they can lead to various health problems such as nasal obstruction, loss of smell, and sinus infections.
Nasal polyps typically do not cause symptoms unless they block the natural airways in the nose. However, as they grow and obstruct the sinus openings, they can lead to mucus buildup in the sinuses, resulting in chronic infections and cyst formation.
Causes of Nasal Polyps
The exact cause of nasal polyps is not fully understood, but chronic inflammation and immune system responses play a significant role. Common contributing factors include:
- Chronic rhinosinusitis (long-term sinus infections)
- Allergic rhinitis and allergic reactions
- Asthma
- Aspirin sensitivity (known as Samter’s Triad)
- Genetic predisposition
- Exposure to air pollution, cigarette smoke, and chemical irritants
Nasal polyps are rare in children; if present, underlying genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis should be investigated.
Symptoms of Nasal Polyps
Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the polyps. The most common symptoms include:
- Nasal congestion (can be unilateral or bilateral)
- Loss or reduction of the sense of smell
- Runny nose (may be clear or yellow-green)
- Postnasal drip and throat discomfort
- Increased susceptibility to sinus infections
- Snoring and sleep problems
- Headache or a feeling of pressure in the facial area
Due to nasal blockage, patients may start breathing through the mouth, leading to dry throat and changes in speech.
Diagnosis of Nasal Polyps
Diagnosis is made through physical examination and nasal endoscopy. Imaging techniques also provide information on the size and spread of the polyps:
- Nasal Endoscopy: A thin camera is used to examine the inside of the nose in detail.
- CT or MRI Scan: Used to assess the location and impact of the polyps on the sinuses.
In children, the possibility of genetic conditions such as cystic fibrosis should be evaluated.
Treatment of Nasal Polyps
Treatment depends on the severity of the condition and the patient’s overall health. It may involve medical (pharmacological) or surgical options.
Medical Treatment
Most nasal polyps respond well to medication. Common treatments include:
Nasal Sprays (Corticosteroids):
- Reduce inflammation inside the nose and help shrink polyps.
- May require long-term use.
Oral or Injectable Corticosteroids:
- Used for larger polyps.
- Should be taken under medical supervision due to potential side effects with prolonged use.
Antihistamines and Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists:
- Useful for patients with allergies.
Antibiotics and Decongestants:
- If sinus infection is present due to nasal polyps, antibiotics may be prescribed.
Medication can help reduce the size of the polyps and improve breathing, but surgery may be needed if the polyps are large or cause significant blockage.
Surgical Treatment
If medications are insufficient or if the polyps completely block the nasal airways, surgery may be required. Common procedures include:
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS)
- A minimally invasive (closed) procedure.
- A small camera is inserted into the nose to remove the polyps.
- Sinus passages are reopened to restore airflow.
Polypectomy
- Removal of small polyps using special instruments.
- Preferred in simpler cases.
Post-surgery, the continued use of nasal corticosteroid sprays is recommended to help prevent recurrence.
Prevention of Nasal Polyps
While nasal polyps cannot always be prevented, certain measures may reduce the risk:
- Manage allergies and asthma effectively.
- Use saline nasal sprays to keep the nasal passages moist.
- Avoid exposure to cigarette smoke and chemical irritants.
- Maintain good nasal hygiene regularly.
- Avoid strong odors and smoke that can irritate the airways.
Conclusion
Nasal polyps are benign growths that develop due to chronic inflammation in the nose and sinuses. Most patients experience symptoms such as nasal congestion, loss of smell, and recurrent sinus infections.
If left untreated, polyps may grow and cause breathing difficulties and chronic infections. Medication is typically the first treatment option, but in advanced cases, polyps can be removed with endoscopic surgery.
If you suffer from long-term nasal congestion, sinusitis, or loss of smell, it is important to consult an ENT specialist for a thorough evaluation.
Prof. Dr. Elif Aksoy
ENT Specialist – Swallowing and Voice Disorders
