Earwax (Cerumen Impaction): What Is It, Why Does It Form, and How Is It Cleaned?
What Is Earwax (Cerumen)?
Earwax, or cerumen in medical terms, is a natural substance formed by the accumulation of secretions in the external ear canal. It does not mean the ear is dirty; on the contrary, it serves as a protective mechanism for the external ear canal.
Functions
- Prevents dust and microbes from entering the ear.
- Protects the eardrum from external factors.
- Maintains moisture balance in the ear canal.
Why Does Earwax Form?
Earwax is normally expelled from the ear. However, in some cases, it can accumulate and block the ear canal, leading to hearing loss.
Factors causing cerumen impaction
- Excessive earwax production: Some people produce more earwax due to their genetic makeup.
- Working in dusty or dirty environments: Air pollution and dust can increase wax buildup.
- Narrow or curved ear canals: The structure of the ear canal can prevent natural cleaning.
- Poor cleaning habits: Using cotton swabs may push the wax deeper, causing blockage.
- Aging: With age, ear secretions may become drier and stickier.
Symptoms of Earwax Blockage
Earwax usually goes unnoticed, but if it accumulates, it can lead to the following symptoms:
- Temporary hearing loss
- Sensation of fullness in the ear
- Buzzing or ringing (tinnitus)
- Itching or discomfort in the ear
- Dizziness (rare)
How Is Earwax Removed?
Normally, earwax is expelled naturally. However, if there is a blockage, it can be removed using the following methods:
Medical Cleaning Methods
- Ear drops (cerumenolytics): Help soften the wax and make it easier to expel.
- Ear irrigation: A procedure performed by an ENT specialist using special liquids to flush out the ear.
- Aspiration or curettage: Removal of earwax using special tools or suction devices.
What Not to Do at Home
- Do not use cotton swabs: They may push the wax deeper and cause blockage.
- Do not insert sharp or hard objects into the ear canal: This can damage the eardrum.
- Do not use unknown ear drops: If your eardrum is perforated, this may cause infection.
Can Earwax Recur?
- People with narrow ear canals or excessive wax production may experience recurring buildup.
- Some individuals may need periodic professional cleaning (every 6 to 12 months).
Conclusion
Earwax is a natural protective mechanism. However, when it builds up, it may cause hearing loss and discomfort. It is recommended to have it removed professionally without damaging the ear canal.
Prof. Dr. Elif Aksoy
ENT Specialist – Ear Cleaning and Hearing Health
