About Laryngeal Cancer (Larynx Cancer)
The larynx plays a vital role in breathing, speaking, and swallowing functions. Laryngeal cancer can occur in any part of the larynx, including the vocal cords and surrounding tissues.
Early diagnosis improves treatment success and helps maintain patients’ quality of life!
Causes of Laryngeal Cancer
Smoking and Alcohol Use:
- The most common cause of laryngeal cancer is smoking and tobacco products!
- Smokers have about 15 times higher risk of developing laryngeal cancer than non-smokers.
- The combination of smoking and alcohol further increases the risk of cancer.
Genetic Predisposition:
- People with a family history of head and neck cancer are at higher risk.
Chemical and Environmental Factors:
- Long-term exposure to substances such as asbestos, industrial chemicals (e.g., in paint), and air pollution can increase risk.
HPV and Viral Infections:
- Some types of laryngeal cancer have been linked to Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
It is more common in men and individuals over the age of 60.
Symptoms of Laryngeal Cancer
Laryngeal cancer may not present symptoms in its early stages. However, in later stages, the following symptoms may appear:
- Hoarseness lasting more than 2–3 weeks
- Difficulty swallowing and a sensation of something stuck in the throat
- Persistent mouth or throat sores or pain
- Shortness of breath and wheezing
- A palpable lump or swelling in the neck
- Bad breath and persistent cough
- Weight loss and fatigue
If hoarseness lasts longer than two weeks, consult an ENT specialist!
Diagnosis of Laryngeal Cancer
Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes. The following methods are used to diagnose laryngeal cancer:
Endoscopic Examination (Camera-Based Inspection):
- A camera is inserted through the nose or mouth for detailed examination of the larynx.
Biopsy:
- A tissue sample is taken from the suspicious area for pathological analysis.
Imaging Techniques:
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) scans are used to assess tumor spread.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is used to detect distant metastasis.
Treatment success is much higher when diagnosed in early stages!
Treatment Methods for Laryngeal Cancer
Treatment plans are determined based on the stage and spread of the tumor.
Surgical Treatment (Laryngectomy – Partial or Total Removal of the Larynx)
- In early stages, the tumor can be removed while preserving part of the larynx (partial laryngectomy).
- In advanced stages, complete removal of the larynx (total laryngectomy) may be necessary.
- After total laryngectomy, patients may need to live with a permanent breathing hole (tracheostomy).
Robotic and laser surgery can enable less invasive procedures in early-stage patients.
Radiotherapy (Radiation Therapy)
- Can be used as an alternative to surgery in early stages to shrink the tumor.
- Applied after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells.
- High-dose precision radiotherapy (IMRT) helps protect healthy tissues.
Chemotherapy (Drug Therapy)
- Used in advanced stages to kill cancer cells and prevent spread.
- May be combined with surgery or radiotherapy.
In advanced cases, a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is often used.
Rehabilitation After Laryngeal Cancer
Patients who undergo total laryngectomy may lose their ability to speak. However, rehabilitation can help them develop new methods of communication.
Speech Therapy:
- Speech can be restored using voice prostheses or electronic devices.
- Some patients learn esophageal speech or sign language to communicate.
Nutrition and Swallowing Therapy:
- Patients with difficulty swallowing are taught special techniques.
- Some may require a feeding tube temporarily.
Psychological Support:
- Patients with voice loss should receive psychological support and social rehabilitation.
Postoperative rehabilitation is critical to maintaining speech and breathing functions.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Laryngeal cancer has a high treatment success rate if diagnosed early!
Avoid risk factors:
- Quit smoking and alcohol use!
- Minimize exposure to chemicals and air pollution!
- Adopt a healthy diet to strengthen your immune system!
Be alert for early signs:
- See an ENT specialist if hoarseness or swallowing difficulties persist for more than two weeks!
- Do not skip routine medical checkups!
Consulting a specialist ENT doctor is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal cancer.
Prof. Dr. Elif Aksoy
ENT Specialist – Head and Neck Cancer Surgeon
