The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of the neck. It regulates the body’s metabolism by producing the hormones T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine). Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when cells in the thyroid grow uncontrollably and is the most common cancer in the endocrine system.
Thyroid cancer is highly treatable when diagnosed early!
Types of Thyroid Cancer
Papillary Thyroid Cancer (Most Common – 80–85%)
- The most frequently seen type of thyroid cancer.
- Grows slowly and generally has a good prognosis.
- May spread to lymph nodes but responds well to treatment.
Follicular Thyroid Cancer
- Has a higher risk of spreading through the bloodstream (metastasis).
- May spread to distant organs such as bones and lungs.
- Generally responds well to radioactive iodine therapy.
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
- Originates from cells in the thyroid that produce the hormone calcitonin.
- Can be hereditary (genetic).
- Has a higher risk of spreading to lymph nodes and the lungs.
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (Most Aggressive – 1%)
- The fastest-growing and most aggressive type.
- Has a low response rate to treatment.
- Can rapidly affect the airways, leading to difficulty breathing.
The type of thyroid cancer is the key factor in determining disease progression and treatment planning.
Symptoms of Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer may not show symptoms in the early stages. However, in advanced stages, the following symptoms may occur:
- A painless, firm lump or swelling in the neck
- Difficulty swallowing and breathing
- Hoarseness or changes in voice
- A feeling of fullness in the throat
- Cough and unexplained throat pain
The majority of thyroid nodules are benign, but a rapidly growing nodule may indicate thyroid cancer.
Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer
Early diagnosis significantly improves treatment success!
Physical Examination and Thyroid Ultrasound:
- Used to assess the size, shape, and structure of thyroid nodules.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB):
- Cells from a suspicious nodule are examined under a microscope to determine if they are cancerous.
Blood Tests:
- Thyroid function tests (TSH, T3, T4) are evaluated.
- Calcitonin levels are measured in cases of suspected medullary thyroid cancer.
Imaging Techniques (CT, MRI, PET Scan):
- Used to evaluate cancer spread and lymph node involvement.
If the biopsy results are benign, the patient is monitored. If malignant, a treatment plan is developed.
Treatment Methods for Thyroid Cancer
Treatment depends on the type and extent of the cancer.
Surgical Treatment (Thyroid Removal – Thyroidectomy)
- Depending on the tumor size, part or all of the thyroid may be removed.
- If the tumor has spread beyond the thyroid, lymph nodes in the neck may also be removed.
- After surgery, lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy (Levothyroxine) is required to compensate for the loss of hormone production.
Radioactive Iodine (RAI) Therapy
- Used to destroy remaining cancer cells after thyroid surgery.
- Especially effective in papillary and follicular thyroid cancers.
- Patients may be isolated during treatment due to radiation exposure risks.
Hormone Suppression Therapy
- Aims to prevent recurrence of cancer by administering thyroid hormone medication.
- TSH levels are kept low to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapies
Used in anaplastic or advanced medullary thyroid cancers.
Drugs are given to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
The course of treatment varies depending on the patient’s age, general health, and type of cancer.
Post-Treatment Follow-Up and Lifestyle Recommendations
After thyroid cancer treatment, patients should be regularly monitored!
Regular Thyroid Hormone Testing:
- TSH, T3, and T4 levels should be checked periodically.
Radiological Monitoring:
- Ultrasound and PET scans should be performed to monitor for nodules and lymph node enlargement.
Healthy Lifestyle:
- Iodine balance should be maintained.
- A healthy diet and regular exercise are recommended.
Thyroid cancer has a high cure rate when diagnosed early and treated appropriately!
Conclusion and Recommendations
When detected early, thyroid cancer has a very high success rate.
- If you notice a growing lump or nodule in your neck, consult a doctor!
- Have regular thyroid checkups to increase your chances of early detection!
- Maintain thyroid health with a balanced diet and proper iodine intake!
Remember, early diagnosis saves lives!
Prof. Dr. Elif Aksoy
ENT Specialist – Endocrine Surgery
